Курсовая работа по Стилистика на тему Влияние американского английского на произносительную литературную норму британского английского языка

INTRODUCTION
English is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is registered as official language for the inhabitants of the United States, Australia and New Zealand, as well as one of the two official languages of Ireland, Canada and Malta. By the beginning of the 21st century English has acquired the status of a language of intercultural communication. According to statistics - for 1.5 billion people in the world English language is a native one.
English has two varieties: British and American. Nowadays, the American version of English is becoming more and more widespread. American version of the English language is becoming more and more widespread nowadays. This is due to the fact that this English is more convenient and easier to learn and communicate.
The American variant of English is the most used in Travel, business meetings, the media and the Internet, media and the Internet. Great popularity American movies, videos, songs by American performers, American fiction and magazines. All of these factors influence the development of the English language as a whole.
A characteristic feature of the English language is the presence of dialects and accents. The accent is related to the concept of social identity. The way people expressions reflect different aspects of their social background, which is an important indicator for the interlocutor. In terms of Sociolinguistics Received Pronunciation (RP) represents accent. In the sense that it is not a regional variant and enjoys special prestige. Between RP and other accents, scholars have observed considerable social differentiation.
The object of this study is the British and American variants of the English language.
The subject of the research is the influence of the American variant English on the literary pronunciation norm of British variant of English.
The aim of the research is to study the history of the emergence American variant of English, conducting a comparative orthoepic dictionaries, considering the influence of the American English variant on the literary norm of the British variant.
Realization of the goal involves solving the following tasks:
1) to study the history of the formation of the American version of English;
2) identify the differences between the British and American variants;
3) to give a comparative characteristic of orthoepic dictionaries;
4) to analyze the changes that have occurred in the British pronunciation norm.
Theoretical basis of the study were the works of domestic scientists: Dresden E.K., Khristenko E.V., Babenko A.P., Oshchepkova V.V., Potapova R.K., Nesterchuk G.V., Uspensky B.A., Chernov G.V., Antrushina G.B., and works of foreign scientists: Trudgill P., Wells J, Crystal D. and others.
The material of the study served as orthoepic dictionaries: Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English, Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary as well as articles by scholars on the study of changes in the British pronunciation norm.
The research methods are lexicographic and comparative and sampling methods.
The novelty of the research lies in the new approach to the study of trends in the British pronunciation norm, caused by the influence of the pronunciation standard of the American variant.
Structure of the work:
The work consists of an Introduction, two chapters, a Conclusion and a List references.


 
CHAPTER 1. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE FORMATION OF THE AMERICAN ENGLISH VARIANT, ITS DIFFERENCES FROM THE BRITISH VARIANT
1.1. History of the American English Language
The history of the formation of American English has a direct connection to the history of the development of the United States. Speakers of this English variant includes 80% of the population of America, but the language is not formally Constitution of the country the language is not officially enshrined. English was the first language first reached the American continent in the 17th century. Linguists consider two main periods in the development of the language: the early (XVII-XVIII) and the late (XIX-XX).
In 1607 the first English settlement was formed in North America. Jamestown was the first English settlement in North America. It was named after King James I of England.
The settlement was called Jamestown (Jamestown) in honor of King James I of England. The settlement was located in Virginia, named for Queen Elizabeth I (Virgin Queen), who never married in her entire life. Over time, settlements began to appear along the coast and in Bermuda. In 1620 pilgrims, in an effort to find a new home, traveled to America. The settlement they formed was named after the town of Plymouth, from which the Pilgrims set out for the New World. The settlers in Plymouth came mostly from the eastern counties of England (London, Lincolnshire, Essex, Kent). A particular difference in their pronunciation was the absence of [r] after vowels. This manner of speech became manner of speech became predominant in the United States.
The English language of the United States has been enriched by various loanwords. However, some of the words originated in America, they are called Americanisms. These are connected with the structure of the American state (administration, "government"; public school, "free school", "community school", "boarding school"). The United States has a different name for these words: public school, while in Britain public school is a "private school", with animal and plant nominations (eggplant "eggplant," moose "American moose"), domestic conditions (junction "crossroads," store - (junction, "crossroads," "store"). Some words were borrowed from Spanish ("potato", "navy"), from German ("cookie"). The words were borrowed from French ("paint," "fashion").
The strongest deviations were observed in phonetics and vocabulary composition. The main distinguishing features of the American variant of pronunciation include: Retroflex [r] - car, barn, first; short [a] - lock, stop, knob (Holstein, 2012).
Living on a new continent has enriched the English language, it has brought a considerable number of neologisms - new words and expressions. The settlers came up with new names for things they hadn't they had not previously encountered. Among the new words and expressions, Schweitzer singles out the following:
1. Neologisms related to flora and fauna (moose, "American moose," "backwoods," "forest wilderness," "hickory," "North American hazel," "gap," "mountain passage, deep gorge");
2. Household neologisms ("corn," "a lot of land");
3. Neologisms associated with the Indian way of life ("shaman of an Indian tribe," "warpath") (Schweitzer, 1995).
From the British version of English emerged the American, and later Australian and South African. These days, the American version is rapidly gaining popularity, and has spread in many fields-- material culture, education and health care, economics and finance and other areas of people's lives and activities. The American version is steadily "taking over the world" and at the same time is displacing Briticisms considerably.
The formation of American English as a separate variant came about thanks to the American lexicographer, linguist, and compiler of the American Dictionary of the English Language, Noah Webster. He was born in 1758 and died in 1843 and is considered the "founding father" of the American language. The accepted American norms of phonetics, spelling, and vocabulary adopted today were introduced by Webster.
Webster's most recognized and great achievement, which made him famous, is the American Dictionary of the English Language. It was published in 1828 with a circulation of two and a half thousand copies. It took Webster years to bring his work to fruition. He studied other languages to learn the rules of pronunciation and spelling of words, and also traveled extensively traveled around Europe in search of the origins of words.
In studying the rules of English spelling, Webster concluded that they were too difficult to understand and use. In order to simplify the rules, Webster modified English spelling, and spelled the American way. He replaced the words "color" with "color, "center" to "center," etc. Webster also added American words to the dictionary, such as "skunk" and "squash," which were not represented in British dictionaries. For example, in the speech of Americans there are widespread the most common is the use of the adverb "right" (right smart" - "a lot", right along - "always, uninterruptedly," etc.). Many, the linguist was criticized by many for vulgarizing the language. However, he introduces the colloquialism, claiming that a word has a right to be in the language, if it is used by the people is used by the people.
In the nineteenth century, a large proportion of the words used are in what is known as "slang. These include phraseological phrases and expressively colored words that are phrases and expressive words that show the darker side of the "American way of life": "money to bribe officials," bum - "tramp," holdup -"armed raid, robbery, extortion," "to ruin by stockbroking," and others. Thus, Noah Webster contributed much to the development of the American version of the English language. His main aim was to simplify the British pronunciation norm. In order to realize the goals and objectives of our study, it seems advisable to take a closer look at the variants in English pronunciation and concepts of standard English, to which The next paragraph of our study is devoted to.