Курсовая работа по фонетике на тему Скауз: ливерпульский акцент

In modern society, people travel a lot and learn new places, they speak with their own accent or dialect. An accent is a distinctive feature of a language, a people. There are many different dialects found in the UK. The main objective of this article is to learn more about two accents – Liverpool English and Irish English, so that when contacting a native speaker there are no problems with pronunciation and understanding.
The topic of the course work was chosen due to the fact that the study of dialects provides invaluable and truly inexhaustible material not only for penetrating into the deepest origins of the language, its historical past, but also allows you to sensibly, without bias and one-sidedness, evaluate and understand the peculiarities of the formation and development of literary norms, various social and professional dialects, as well as language variants.
Only taking into account dialect data opens up the possibility to understand not only the so-called "deviations" from the rules of pronunciation and grammar, but also these rules themselves, and can serve as a solid basis for the study of the formation and development of the meanings of words.
The Liverpool dialect is a relatively new phenomenon, until about the middle of the XIX century, the speech of Liverpudlians was almost the same as that of their neighbors from Lancaster, and echoes of the warm Lancashire dialect can still be caught in the speech of local old-timers. This dialect, like much else in Liverpool, owes its origin to the geographical location of the city, which is a port. The audience from all over the world cooked in this "cauldron", which laid the foundations for the characteristic sound of the dialect.
Immigrants from Ireland and Wales had a strong influence. The mixture of such dissimilar accents and dialects, coupled with the vocabulary and sayings of sea travelers who arrived at the port from all over the world, created a unique sound of the Liverpool dialect. With each tide, new verbs were "thrown out" on the shore, many of which took root and became part of the everyday language.
Scouse is notable for being completely different from the dialects of neighboring regions. Usually the pronunciation of neighbors becomes similar due to constant interaction, but Scouse, on the contrary, becomes more distinctive every year and moves in its own direction.
The Liverpool accent, unlike other Northern English dialects, is characterized by a strong accentuation and intonation of speech. During the conversation of Liverpudlians, you can notice significant changes in the tone of voice – a sudden rise or fall.
The objects of the study are the history of the origin and linguistic features of the Liverpool dialect of English.
The subject of study is the Liverpool dialect of English (Scouse).
The purpose of the work is a comprehensive review of the history of the origin and linguistic features of the scouse.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
– To consider the history of Liverpool and its people during the formation of the Liverpool dialect
– To consider the process of formation of the Liverpool dialect
– To identify and consider in detail the main linguistic features of the scouse, in particular, its lexical and semantic features.
This study in its structure contains an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.


1.THE ORIGIN AND DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVERPOOL DIALECT OF SCOUSE
1.1.The origin of the Liverpool dialect of Scouse

English is one, but not the only, of the official languages of the United Kingdom. Before the Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Great Britain, Celtic tribes lived on its territory, speaking the languages that gave rise to modern Welsh, Gaelic (Scottish) and Irish. These languages had a certain influence on the formation of territorial dialects of English, common in Wales, Scotland and Ireland. However, the "Celtic influence" is also found in some dialects of urban agglomerations of England.
One of these is the Scouse dialect, which is often associated with the dialect of the city of Liverpool in the north of England. Currently, scouse is common not only in Liverpool, but also in the city of Birkenhead and other urbanized centers of Merseyside county. The Scouse dialect is very peculiar and differs from the traditional northern English dialects of counties such as Lancashire and Cheshire.
It also seems necessary to mention that other accents and dialects are common in the county of Merseyside, which are closer to the traditional neighboring Lancashire version of English. In this regard, scouse is a unique linguistic phenomenon formed under the influence of complex socio-political events. A number of linguohistorical studies confirm the fact that Scouse is a relatively new linguistic phenomenon for the dialect situation in England
. The Scouse began to form in the middle of the XIX century as a result of mass migrations of the population of Ireland, Wales and Scotland. The geographical position of Liverpool, a major port in the north of the country, played a decisive role in the formation of a new dialect, different from other linguistic variants of England. The formation of new dialects in English linguistics is usually explained using the theoretical koineization model proposed by Peter Trudgill.
According to this model, the formation of a new dialect should be considered as a process going through three stages.
At the first stage, the adult population speaking different dialects turns out to be in the same territory due to certain migration processes. When communicating, they are forced to adapt to each other's linguistic features, losing those dialect features that interfere with understanding or are least frequent. However, these changes in the speech of adult native speakers cannot lead to the formation of a new dialect. Such an event is possible only thanks to the creative activity of the younger generation of native speakers who find themselves in the territory of dialect diversity at a very young age.
At the second stage of the formation of a new dialect, according to P. Tragill, the younger generation, being surrounded by a variety of dialect forms, is forced to learn how to balance the audible "discord". As a result, they adopt a number of traits from their parents, as well as from other people from the inner circle. The proportion of adopted traits depends on the number of speakers of certain dialects who have moved to a new territory.
Thus, the process of koineization is launched, i.e. the process of forming a new dialect, different from the already existing ones (koine). Speakers of an emerging dialect can also create inter-dialect features that are not present in the existing dialect diversity. Such speakers of a new dialect, living in a situation of dialect diversity, themselves represent a very non-homogeneous social group.