Курсовая работа по английскому (продвинутый) на тему Научно-популярный стиль (на английском языке)

This thesis examines the problems of translation of popular science texts.

In connection with scientific and technological progress and the development of science, the modern person has access to knowledge from various areas and spheres of life. This led to the emergence of even greater interest among people in a particular subject of knowledge, as well as the desire to receive the most accurate, detailed and objective information about it. Accordingly, the result of this interest is an appeal to scientific sources, the systematization and evidence of which inspires confidence among a critical audience.

At the same time, as you know, the scientific style of presentation has such linguistic properties that often complicate perception. The dryness and conciseness of the presentation, a large number of highly specialized terminology can become an obstacle for a non-specialist to understand the text of a scientific orientation. This difficulty is overcome thanks to the popularization of scientific works designed to meet the cognitive needs of society and performing, mainly, an educational function.

The topic of the thesis is relevant, since globalization implies the integration of knowledge and discoveries, and for a successful exchange of scientific information, including in a popular science presentation, a professional, adequate translation is required.

In this case, the main task of the translator is to convey all the features of a popular science text without loss of information content. The implementation of this task involves a comprehensive analysis of the lexical, stylistic, morphological and syntactic features of the text, taking into account the difficulties that arise.

The purpose of the work is to identify the patterns of translation solutions used in the translation of popular science texts.

These tasks follow from the goal:

1) define the concept of style;

2) explore approaches to the classification of scientific styles;

3) consider the lexical and stylistic features of the popular science sub-style;

4) define the concept and study the types of transformation in the translation of popular science texts;

5) compare the features of translation of scientific and popular science texts;

6) to identify the patterns of translation solutions used in the translation of popular science texts.

The practical significance of the thesis lies in the fact that the research results can be used in the analysis and translation of texts on biological topics, as well as texts of popular science in general. The results can be useful for expanding translation activities in the field of science, taking into account popular science presentation.

The object of the study is the lexical and stylistic features of the popular science text as a special genre in the light of the patterns of its translation from English into Russian.

The subject of study is a popular science text and translation solutions used in the translation process to convey lexical and stylistic features.

The main research methods were: the method of scientific description, comparative analysis of the original and translation texts, the method of interpretation, lexico-stylistic and translation analysis.

The theoretical basis of this work was the works on linguistics of such scientists as: M.N. Kozhina, T.A. Kazakova, M.N. Lapshina, V.N. Komissarov, L.S. Barkhudarov, V.S. Vinogradov, I.V. Arnold, I.R. Galperin, E.A. Lazarevich, A.D. Schweitzer, R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, K. Rice, V.G. Kostomarov, G.V. Chernov, Ya. I. Retsker, Y. Naida, P. Newmark and others.

The research material is the book by Richard Dawkins The Blind Watchmaker by Richard Dawkins (1986) and its Russian translation by Anatoly Protopopov. The book of the English biologist is devoted to evolutionary processes and tells about the mechanisms that implement natural selection, as a result of which a highly organized complexity of the world appeared.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of scientific literature, a list of dictionaries and a list of sources of examples.

The introduction presents the relevance, purpose, objectives, object, subject, research material, theoretical basis, practical significance of the final qualifying work. The first chapter describes the main theoretical provisions and lexical and stylistic features of the texts of the popular science substyle in Russian and English. The second chapter is devoted to interlanguage transformations and translation solutions used in the translation of the book by Richard Dawkins "The Blind Watchmaker" from English into Russian, and contains examples illustrating the patterns of transmission of the lexical and stylistic features of this text, identified during the research. In conclusion with

CHAPTER 1 THEORETICAL APPARATUS FOR RESEARCHING THE PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC STYLE
1.1 Concept and features of the scientific style
A scientific style is a style that serves the scientific sphere of social activity. It is designed to convey scientific information to a trained and interested audience. The scientific style has a number of common features, general conditions of functioning and linguistic features that manifest themselves regardless of the nature of the sciences (natural, exact, humanitarian) and genre differences (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to speak about the specifics of the style in general. These common features include:
1. preliminary consideration of the approval;
2. monological nature of the statement;
3. strict selection of linguistic means;
4. gravitation towards normalized speech.
The main characteristics of the scientific style:
1. The sphere of public life is science. This includes case studies, educational work, teaching, and science journalism. Therefore, within the framework of the scientific style, there are many genres: article, lecture, scientific report, abstracts, monograph, reference book, study guide, abstract, dissertation, dissertation, scientific and journalistic essay (newspaper and television), scientific discussion. on air, instruction, annotation and much more.
2. The dominant function is cognitive. With the help of the language, ideas about the world are formed, various mental operations are performed (comparison, analysis, synthesis), scientific information is stored and transmitted.
3. The type of relationship between participants in speech is co-creation. Reading a scientific book, we go along with its creator along one of the ways of knowing the world.
4. The degree of preparedness. The peculiarity of scientific speech is that its generation is prepared and spontaneously at the same time, which is impossible without creative inspiration, scientific impromptu. This is evidenced by scientific discussions. Although the scientific text is written according to the laws of constructing scientific speech, it remains "unfinished". It is open for discussion, may be considered incorrect, etc.
5. Limitations. Each scientific area has its own metalanguage discovered within this area. For example, as a result of scientific discoveries, new formulas, terms and logical constructions appear (the discovery of new stars, chemical elements, the theory of relativity).
6. The range of topics is unlimited, since there is nothing that could not become the subject of scientific interest, scientific research.
7. The predominant form of speech is written. It is indicative that oral genres over time are transformed into written ones (publication of scientific reports, lectures, shorthand of scientific discussions, recording from memory the statements of famous scientists).
8. The form of presentation is impersonal, which is due to the desire for objectivity. Passive constructions are often used here: "It was investigated ...", generalized personal sentences: "A comet is observed in clear weather ...". In modern scientific language, the author's "we" is less popular than the impersonal form: not we think, but represent. More relevant for a scientific text - "we" of co-creation: "We can note that ...". The structural features of a scientific text are determined by the author's striving for accuracy, generality, consistency, objectivity and analyticity. This manifests itself in the use of monotonous, repetitive constructs, for example, genitive, compound sentences, introductory words, participles and participles, objective word order, and a preference for present time out of tense forms. Analyticity is expressed, for example, with words such as topic,
9. Evaluation expression - indirect or implicit. Assessment in scientific speech is determined not by ethical norms "bad - good", as, for example, in colloquial speech or journalistic style, but by the concepts of "truth - falsehood". But in practice, especially in the situation of oral scientific speech, we meet with the allocation of subjective and objective assessments: "Wrong, from our point of view, means bad." Latent evaluative assessment can be manifested even in terms of: puff cake (military) - the deployment of troops, in which the troops of one belligerent side are mingled with the enemy troops; a symptom of the setting sun (therapeutic) - a sign of a nervous disease, which consists in the fact that the patient's eyes roll.
10. The degree of emotionality and expressiveness of a scientific text depends on the field of scientific knowledge to which this text belongs, and on the personality of the author. There is no reason to believe that scientific speech cannot be vivid and figurative. Often in scientific works, in particular polemical ones, emotional-expressive and pictorial means of language are used, which stand out against the background of a purely scientific presentation and make scientific prose more convincing. For example: among our outstanding linguists, when working with hydrocyanic acid, you need to be extremely careful, this can be verified with the help of very curious experience, etc.
Language tools for creating an expressive emotional tone of scientific speech:
a) forms of the superlative degree of adjectives expressing comparison (the most prominent representatives of the species);